全程干货中国历史知识大全 知乎(中国历史知识问答题及答案大全)

此外，中国大洪水的传说以及中国人民如何通过修筑水利工程解决这一问题表明，在这些传说形成时，有一个相当复杂的组织结构控制指挥着大量的人口，他们齐心

 

印度网友一向为自己国家作为四大文明古国之一而自豪甚至有点自傲，但对印度文明的中断一直深感遗憾，有印度网友在美版知乎Quora上提问道：中国明明只有3700年历史，为何他们要夸张到五千年？这个问题明显带有西方狭隘史观色彩，引起了各国网友的热议，他们撰文解释说：西方对中国历史时长的认定不应持有双重标准。

问题：中国明明只有3700年历史，为什么他们要夸张到五千年？

美国学者乔恩•托马斯的回答Have you ever heard of the first Pharaoh NAMMER of the first dynasty in ancient Egypt?你听说过古埃及第一王朝首任法老纳默吗？

Historians do not know when he was born, what he did in his life, nor where his body was buried. However, it is generally believed that he is a part of Egyptian history.

历史学家不知道他生于何时，也不知道他一生中到底做了什么，更不知道他的尸体埋在哪里，然而，人们普遍认为他是埃及历史的一部分Why? Just because some ancient Egyptians wrote his name on some pieces of cloth or pottery!。

为什么？仅仅因为一些古埃及人在一些布片或陶片上写下了他的名字！In short, this is the basis and basis of "history". Sometimes, through archaeology, people can trace back to cultural relics at a specific time to confirm the authenticity of historical records. However, most of the time, we must rely on the written records of the ancients to understand the historical truth.

简而言之，这就是“历史”的基础和依据有时，通过考古学，人们可以追溯到某个特定时间的文物，来印证史书记载的真假然而，大多数时候，我们必须依靠古人的文字记录来了解历史真相Another example is king Gilgamesh of Mesopotamia.。

再比如美索不达米亚的吉尔伽美什国王Historians cant tell exactly when he lived. We have never found his body, but his fairy tales have been circulating in the Arabian Peninsula for thousands of years.。

历史学家也不能确切说出他活在什么时候，我们从未发现过他的尸体，关于他的神话故事却在阿拉伯半岛流传千年But people still regard him as a historical figure. According to the remaining relics, the history of Mesopotamia can be traced back to at least 4500 years ago.。

但人们还是将他视为历史人物，根据残存的遗迹计算，美索不达米亚的历史至少可以追溯到4500年前Why should China be bound by higher standards: "Oh, they dont have conclusive archaeological evidence, which must mean that everything before the Shang Dynasty was fake!"。

为什么中国需要受到更高标准的约束：“哦，他们没有确凿的考古证据，这一定意味着商代以前的东西都是假的！”Ironically, this was instigated by Chinese historians in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

具有讽刺意味的是，这是由清末民初的中国历史学者煽动的At that time, the Western powers set off a frenzy of dividing up China. Some people tried to westernize China completely. China, as the oldest civilization that has continued to this day, has always been regarded by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty as "heaven, heaven and everything". 。

当时西方列强掀起了瓜分中国的狂潮，一部分人试图将中国全盘西化，中国作为延续至今的最古老的文明，一直被清朝统治者以“天朝上国，无所不有”自居In order to reduce the obstacles to the introduction of western theories into China, these people tried to deny and criticize Chinese traditional culture, This includes shortening Chinas history.。

这部分人为了减少西方学说引进中国的阻碍，试图否认和批判中国传统文化，这其中就包括缩短中国的历史If Chinas history can not be traced back to the formation of Western civilization, then China has no reason to adhere to its own tradition, but should actively accept Western ideas, theories and lifestyles.。

如果中国的历史不能追溯到西方文明形成之前，那么中国就没有理由再坚持自己的传统，而应该去积极接纳西方的思想、学说和生活方式 This is the goal of this historical school to promote historical nihilism and replace Chinese traditional culture with western culture.。

这就是这个历史学派的目标，宣扬历史虚无主义，用西方文化替代中国传统文化Interestingly, when they actively proved that the history of the Shang Dynasty was forged by historians, oracle bones and Yin Ruins were found. After subsequent archaeological work, the historical records are very consistent with these archaeological relics.。

有意思的是，就在他们积极证明商朝历史是史学家伪造的时候，甲骨文和殷墟遗址被发现了，经过后续考古工作这的印证，历史记录和这些考古遗存极为吻合This made them extremely embarrassed, but they still needed to make a fat face. They went on to say that even if the Shang Dynasty was true, the Xia Dynasty must have been forged. But when Erlitou Xia Dynasty site was excavated and studied, this group of people had long been lost in the torrent of history.。

这让他们极为尴尬，但还是需要打肿脸充胖子，他们接着说道，即使商是真的，夏朝也肯定是伪造的可二里头夏朝遗址进行挖掘研究时，这群人早已湮没在历史的洪流中了Other civilizations in the world at the same time as China have similar archaeological records as Xia and Shang Dynasties, but they have never been questioned.。

世界上与中国同时期的其他文明有着和夏商差不多的考古记录，却从未受到人们的质疑Why? To some extent, Western sinologists agree with the theories of these ancient skeptics in modern China, because it is in the interests of western countries.。

原因是什么？西方汉学家在一定程度上都赞同中国近代的这些疑古学派的学说，因为这符合西方国家的利益Because the Xia Dynasty is connected with prehistoric civilization, once recognized, it will cover up the glory of Egyptian and ancient Greek civilization and add an important example of the origin of world civilization in China, which is what white people with a sense of Western superiority dont want to see.。

因为夏朝与史前文明相衔接，一旦承认将会掩盖掉埃及、古希腊文明的光辉，为世界文明起源于中国添加重要例证，这正是拥有西方优越感的白种人所不愿看到的。

网友苏比•陶的回答This is a common practice in the field of Western history.这是西方历史学科领域的普遍做法In fact, before 1000 A.D., there were not many credible historical documents on the European continent. Therefore, strictly speaking, Europe has only a history of about 1000 years.。

事实上，在公元1000年之前，欧洲大陆至今没有多少可信的历史文献，因此，严格来说，欧洲只有1000年左右的历史Before the 10th century, all historical accounts of Europe were reconstructed based on archaeological discoveries, or in more straightforward terms. They belong to archaeology rather than history.。

10世纪之前所有关于欧洲的历史叙述都是根据考古发现重建的，或者用更直截了当的措辞，他们属于考古学而不是历史学的范畴China is different. As far back as 841 BC, Chinas history was recorded year after year and confirmed by archaeological discoveries, which has high credibility.。

而中国不一样，远在公元前841年，中国的历史就年复一年地被记录下来了，并被考古发现所证实，具有很高的可信度But before 841 B.C., Chinas history became blurred because early historical events were recorded much later than the actual time of these events.。

可在公元前841年之前，中国的历史就变得模糊不清了，因为早期历史事件的记录时间远远晚于这些事件发生的实际时间The Chinese historical records of this period are a mixture of copies of unsaved earlier historical records, records of legends and rumors, and the recorders reasoning and interpretation of early events.。

这一时期的中国历史记录是由未保存下来的更早期历史记录的副本、传说和传闻的记录以及记录者对早期事件的推理和解释混合而成的There are abundant archaeological sites in this period. Erlitou, a site dating back to about 1700 BC, is the most consistent with historical records.。

这一时期的考古遗址十分丰富，二里头，一个可以追溯到公元前1700年左右的遗址，最符合历史记录However, since no words were found in the site, we can not be 100% sure whether Erlitou is really the summer capital 3700 years ago mentioned in the historical records. This is the biggest controversy.。

然而，由于在遗址中没有发现文字，我们无法100%确定二里头是否真的是《史记》中提到的3700年前的夏都，这就是最大的争议If you put aside all the questions in doubt and accept the official conclusion that Erlitou is indeed the capital of the Xia Dynasty, the historical records of the Xia Dynasty can be said to be reliable, so Chinas history can be traced back to about 5000 years ago.。

如果你把所有存疑的问题都放在一边，接受二里头确实是夏朝的都城的官方结论，那么关于夏朝的历史记录可以说被证实是可靠的，因此中国的历史可以追溯到大约5000年前In short, although strictly speaking, China has only 3700 years of history, if Westerners claim that Europe has a history of 3000 or even 4000 years and believe that ancient Greece and Rome were the origin of European civilization, it is entirely reasonable for China to claim that China has a history of 5000 years.。

总之，尽管严格来说，中国只有3700年的历史，但如果西方人宣称欧洲拥有3000年甚至4000年的历史，并认为古希腊和罗马时欧洲文明的起源的话，那么中国声称中国有5000年的历史是完全合理的I know that some people will disagree with my views on European history and mention ancient Rome and Greece. But the records of ancient Rome are a thousand years later than those of ancient Rome. 。

我知道，有些人会不同意我对欧洲历史的看法，并提起古罗马和希腊可关于古罗马的记载比古罗马时代晚了一千年The records of ancient Greece are not only unreliable, but also more records of Asia Minor than those of ancient Greece. So, Im sorry, my friends, I dont accept the double standard of western historical description of East and West.。

古希腊的记录不仅不可靠，而且更多的是小亚细亚的记录，而不是古希腊的记录。所以，对不起，朋友们，我不接受西方人对于东西方历史描述的双重标准。

网友胡格斯•塔尔博特的回答This question contains three different questions:这个问题包含有三个不同的问题：1.What is proven history? History takes written records as the carrier. Everything before this is called prehistory. Taking this as the standard, Chinas oldest verified text sample does have a history of 3700 years.

1. 什么是已证实的历史？历史以书面记录为载体，在此之前的一切都被称为史前史，以此为标准，中国最古老的经验证的文字样本确实有3700年的历史Ancient inscriptions are the oldest writing system in China. They are generally engraved on bronze objects such as Ding and Zhen. It has been verified that they have a history of 5000 years (source: China has found 5000 years of original characters, which may be one of the oldest characters in the world - New York Daily News).。

古老的铭文，是中国最古老的书写系统，一般被篆刻在鼎、簋等青铜器物之上，经验证已经有5000年的历史（来源：中国发现了5000年的原始文字，这可能是世界上最古老的文字之一——纽约每日新闻）2.Not all historians agree that historical information can only be obtained from written records. Other survey methods have greatly expanded our ability to obtain historical information from non written materials, enabling us to understand the lifestyles of those who are not included in the historical records (such as the poor, ethnic minorities, women, the conquered and the victors who usually write history, illiteracy, etc.).。

2.并非所有历史学家都同意历史信息只能从文字记录中获得的观点其他调查方法极大地扩展了我们从非书面资料中获得历史信息的能力，使我们能够了解那些没有被列入历史记录的人（例如穷人、少数民族、妇女、被征服者与通常撰写历史的胜利者、文盲等）的生活方式。

In the prehistoric period, because of the long time, many things are not fully known. Different cultural groups combined to form what we call Chinese culture today.

史前时期因为时间久远，许多东西还不完全为人所知，不同的文化群体结合在一起，形成了我们今天所说的中国文化However, there is a consensus in the academic circles that the settlements along the Yellow River can be traced back to about 5000 BC. It is a direct source of modern Chinese culture.。

但学界一个共识，即黄河沿岸的定居点，可以追溯到公元前5000年左右，它是现代中国文化的一个直接源头3. Finally, how to define the history of "China"? The Chinese dynasty began from the Xia Dynasty and continued to the Shang Dynasty for dozens of dynasties. Before believing in history, the Xia and Shang Dynasties were mostly recorded in legends or myths.。

3.最后，怎样定义“中国”的历史？中国王朝从夏朝开始，延续到商朝，绵延数十个朝代在信史之前，夏商这两个朝代都多被记录于传奇或神话故事里At that time, there was no Chinese concept. In this region, many ethnic groups multiplied and lived. After thousands of years of confrontation and integration, this complex and multicultural society gradually formed a consistent sense of historical identity.。

当时还没有中国人的概念，在这片地域，众多民族繁衍生息，经历上千年的对抗和融合，这个复杂的、多元文化的社会才渐渐形成一致的历史认同感The earliest historical dynasty that can prove its existence is the Shang Dynasty. From the beginning, its culture, language, political management and handicrafts have been quite developed. Logically, this shows that there must be an earlier stage and quite mature before the primary stage of Chinese civilization such as the Shang Dynasty.。

最早可证明存在的历史王朝是商朝从一开始，它的文化、语言、政治管理和手工艺就已经相当发达，按逻辑讲，这表明，在商朝这样华夏文明的初级阶段之前，肯定还有一个更早期的阶段，而且已经相当成熟In addition, the legend of Chinas great flood and how the Chinese people solved this problem by building water conservancy projects show that when these legends were formed, there was a rather complex organizational structure controlling and commanding a large number of people, and they worked together to overcome natural disasters.。

此外，中国大洪水的传说以及中国人民如何通过修筑水利工程解决这一问题表明，在这些传说形成时，有一个相当复杂的组织结构控制指挥着大量的人口，他们齐心协力战胜了自然灾害The story of Noahs ark, which was destroyed by the flood in the west, mostly relied on the power of God to solve problems, which is not of historical reference value.。

而西方洪水灭世，诺亚方舟的故事则多依靠神的力量解决问题，这就不太具有史学参考价值There is also archaeological evidence to prove that there was a large form of social organization before the Shang Dynasty. At present, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove that this is the Xia dynasty recorded in historical books, it is certain that the Shang Dynasty was not the beginning of Chinese history.。

现在也有考古证据证明商代以前有一个大型的社会组织形式，目前虽然还没有确凿的证据证明这就是史书上记载的夏朝，但商朝并不是中国历史的开端，这一点是肯定的Therefore, even if the verifiable history does not go back to the distant past, it is not wrong for the Chinese people to adhere to the Chinese civilization for 5000 years or more.。

因此，即使可证明的历史没有追溯到更遥远的过去，中国人坚持华夏文明历史达5000年或更长时间是没有错的。